Okokuqala, umgquba wenkukhu okrwada awulingani nesichumiso sendalo.Isichumisi sendalo sibhekisa kumququ, ikeyiki, umgquba wemfuyo, intsalela yamakhowa kunye nezinye izinto ezikrwada ngokubola, ukuvubela kunye nokulungiswa kwenziwa kwisichumisi.Umgquba wezilwanyana sesinye kuphela semathiriyeli ekrwada yokuvelisa isichumiso esiphilayo.
Nokuba umgquba wenkukhu omanzi okanye owomileyo awuvundiswanga, kuya kukhokelela ngokulula ekutshatyalalisweni kwemifuno eluhlaza, imiyezo kunye nezinye izivuno zemali, okubangela ilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho kumafama.Masiqale ngokujonga ubungozi bomgquba wenkukhu ekrwada, kwaye kutheni abantu becinga ukuba umgquba wenkukhu okrwada uyasebenza ukodlula omnye umgquba wezilwanyana?Kwaye indlela yokusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo umgquba wenkukhu ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo?
Iintlekele ezisibhozo ezibangelwa ngokulula kukusetyenziswa komgquba wenkukhu kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo kunye neziqhamo:
1. Tshisa iingcambu, utshise izithole kwaye ubulale izityalo
Emva kokusebenzisa umgquba wenkukhu ongenagwele, ukuba isandla sakho sifakwe emhlabeni, ubushushu bomhlaba buya kuba phezulu kakhulu.Kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kweflake okanye i-canopy epheleleyo kunokulibazisa ukulima kwaye kubangele ilahleko yeendleko zabasebenzi kunye notyalo-mali lwembewu.
Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa komgquba wenkukhu ebusika nasentwasahlobo kuneyona mngcipheko omkhulu wokhuseleko, kuba ngeli xesha, ubushushu obungaphakathi kwi-greenhouse buphezulu, kwaye ukuvutshelwa komgquba wenkukhu kuya kuthumela ubushushu obuninzi, okukhokelela ekutshisweni kweengcambu. .Umgquba wenkukhu wawusetyenziswa kwigadi yeziqhamo ebusika nasentwasa- hlobo, kungoku nje ngexesha leengcambu zokulala.Emva kokuba ingcambu itshisiwe, iya kuchaphazela ukuqokelelwa kwezondlo kunye neentyantyambo kunye neziqhamo kunyaka ozayo.
2. Ukufakwa kwetyuwa emhlabeni, ukunciphisa imveliso yeziqhamo
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo komgquba wenkukhu kushiye isixa esikhulu sesodium chloride emhlabeni, kunye ne-avareji ye-30-40 yeekhilogram zetyuwa kwi-6 square metres zomgquba wenkukhu, kunye ne-10 yeekhilogram zetyuwa kwi-acre nganye ithintele ngokunzulu umhlaba kunye nomsebenzi. .Isichumiso sephosphate eSolid, isichumiso sepotash, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, boron, manganese kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo, ezikhokelela ekukhuleni okungaqhelekanga kwesityalo, ukugqabhuka kweentyatyambo kunye nokuveliswa kweziqhamo, kuthintele kakhulu ukuphuculwa kwesivuno kunye nomgangatho.
Ngenxa yoko, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwesichumiso liye lehla unyaka nonyaka kwaye ixabiso legalelo linyuke nge-50-100%.
3. I-Acidify umhlaba kwaye ibangele izifo ezahlukeneyo ze-rhizosphere kunye nezifo zentsholongwane
Ngenxa yokuba i-pH yomgquba wenkukhu imalunga ne-4, ineasidi egqithisileyo kwaye iya kwenza ukuba umhlaba ube neasidi, nto leyo ekhokelela kumonzakalo wekhemikhali kunye nomonakalo omkhulu kwisiseko sesiqu kunye nezicubu zeengcambu, ukubonelela ngenani elikhulu leentsholongwane ezithwalwa ngumgquba wenkukhu, izifo ezithwalwa ngumhlaba. -ibhaktheriya ephethe, iintsholongwane kwaye inika ithuba lokungena kunye nokusuleleka, xa umswakama kunye nobushushu bufikelela kwisifo kuya kwenzeka.
Ukusetyenziswa engaphelelanga fermentation inkukhu umgquba, lula ukuba abangele ukubuna kwezityalo, yellow bubunile, atrophy stop ukukhula, akukho iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, kunye nokufa;Isifo sentsholongwane, isifo sikabhubhani, ukubola kwesiqu, ukubola kweengcambu kunye nokunyangwa yibhaktiriya zezona ziphumo zicacileyo zokusetyenziswa komgquba wenkukhu.
4.I-Root knot nematode infestation
Umgquba wenkukhu yindawo yokukhempisha kunye nomhlaba wokufuya iingcambu zenematodes.Inani lamaqanda e-root-knot nematode yi-100 nge-1000 grams.Amaqanda kumgquba wenkukhu kulula ukuqanduselwa kwaye aphindaphindeke ngamashumi amawaka ngobusuku.
I-Nematodes zinochuku kakhulu kwi-chemical agents, kwaye zikhawuleza zihambe ukuya kubunzulu obuyi-50 cm ukuya kwi-1.5 m, nto leyo eyenza kubenzima ukunyangeka.I-Root-knot nematode yenye yeengozi ezibulalayo ngakumbi kwiishedi ezindala ezingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu ubudala.
5. Zisa ii-antibiotics, ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo
Ukutya kwenkukhu kuqulethe i-hormones eninzi, kwaye yongeza i-antibiotics ukukhusela izifo, ezi ziya kuqhutyelwa emhlabeni ngomgquba wenkukhu, ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo.
6. Ukuvelisa iigesi eziyingozi, ezichaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo, zibulale izithole
Umgquba wenkukhu kwinkqubo yokubola ukuvelisa i-methane, igesi ye-ammonia kunye nezinye iigesi ezinobungozi, ukuze umhlaba kunye nezityalo zivelise umonakalo we-asidi kunye nomonakalo weengcambu, ubuzaza ngakumbi kukuveliswa kwegesi ethylene inhibition yokukhula kweengcambu, esona sizathu siphambili iingcambu ezivuthayo.
7. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kweenkukhu zenkukhu, okubangela ukungabikho kwe-oksijini kwiingcambu
Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo komgquba wenkukhu kubangela ukunqongophala kwe-oksijini kwiingcambu kunye nokukhula kakubi.Xa umgquba wenkukhu ugalelwa emhlabeni, udla i-oksijini emhlabeni ngexesha lenkqubo yokubola, okwenza umhlaba ube kwindawo ye-hypoxia okwethutyana, eya kuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo.
8. Iintsimbi ezinzima zigqithise umgangatho
Umgquba wenkukhu uqulethe izixa eziphezulu zesinyithi esinzima njengobhedu, imekyuri, ichromium, i-cadmium, ilothe kunye ne-arsenic, kunye neentsalela ezininzi zehomoni, ezibangela iintsimbi ezinzima kakhulu kwiimveliso zezolimo, zingcolise amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nomhlaba, kuthatha ixesha elide kwizinto eziphilayo. into yokuguqula ibe yi-humus, kwaye ibangele ilahleko enkulu yezondlo.
Kutheni ukuchuma komhlaba kubonakala kuphezulu ngokugalela umgquba wenkukhu?
Oku kungenxa yokuba amathumbu enkukhu athe tye, ilindle kunye nomchamo kunye, ngoko ke i-organic matter equlethwe kumgquba wenkukhu, ngaphezu kwe-60% ye-organic matter ikwimo ye-uric acid, ukubola kwe-uric acid kunika izinto ezininzi ze-nitrogen; I-500 kg yomgquba wenkukhu ilingana ne-76.5 kg ye-urea, umphezulu ukhangeleka ngathi izityalo zikhula zomelele ngokwendalo.Ukuba olu hlobo lwemeko lwenzeka kuhlobo lwebhatyi okanye kumthi weziqhamo zomdiliya, inokuvelisa isifo esibi kakhulu somzimba.
Oku kwenziwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokuchasana phakathi kwenitrogen kunye netrace elements kunye nomthamo ogqithisileyo weurea, nto leyo eya kubangela ukufunxwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezisembindini kunye netrace zithintelwe, kubangele amagqabi atyheli, ukubola kwe-umbilical, ukuqhekeka kweziqhamo kunye nesifo sonyawo lwenkukhu.
Ngaba ukhe wadibana nemeko yokutsha kwezithole okanye iingcambu ezibolileyo kumabhoma okanye izitiya zemifuno?
Isichumiso sigalelwa kakhulu, kodwa isivuno nomgangatho awunakuphuculwa.Ngaba kukho naziphi na iimeko ezimbi?njengokufa kwesiqingatha sobude, ukuqina komhlaba, iindiza ezinzima, njl. njl.
Ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kunye nokusebenzayo komgquba wenkukhu
Umgquba wenkukhu yimathiriyeli elungileyo ekrwada yesichumiso esiphilayo, esiqulethe malunga ne-1.63% yenitrogen esulungekileyo, malunga ne-1.54% ye-P2O5 kunye ne-0.085% ye-potassium.Isenokwenziwa isichumiso esiphilayo ngezixhobo zobuchwephesha bokuvelisa isichumiso.Emva kwenkqubo yokuvutshelwa, inambuzane enobungozi kunye nembewu yokhula iya kupheliswa ngokunyuka nokuwa kweqondo lokushisa.Imveliso yomgquba wenkukhu ibandakanya ukuvutshelwa → ukutyumza → ukuxutywa kwezithako → igranulation → ukomisa → ukupholisa → ukuhlola → ukulinganisa nokutywina → ukugcinwa kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo.
Itshathi equkuqelayo yenkqubo yokuvelisa isichumiso
Inkqubo yokuhamba kwetshathi yesichumiso esiphilayo esinemveliso yonyaka yeetoni ezingama-30,000
Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lomgca wokuvelisa isichumiso
1. Amatanki okuvubela amane aya kwakhiwa kwindawo yemathiriyeli ekrwada, ngalinye libe yi-40m ubude, 3m ububanzi kunye ne-1.2m ye-dee-p, kunye nommandla opheleleyo wama-700 square metres;
2. Ummandla wemathiriyeli ekrwada uya kulungisa isiporo esikhaphukhaphu esingama-320m;
3. Indawo yokuvelisa ihlanganisa indawo ye-1400 square metres;
4. Abasebenzi be-3 bokuvelisa bayafuneka kwindawo yezinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nabasebenzi be-20 bafunekayo kwindawo yokuvelisa;
5. Indawo yempahla ekrwada idinga ukuthenga ilori yeforklift yeetoni ezintathu.
Esona sixhobo siphambili somgca wokuvelisa umgquba wenkukhu:
1. Inqanaba lokuqalaizixhobo zokubilisawomgquba wenkukhu: umatshini wokujika umgquba, umkhandiumatshini wokujika umgquba, umatshini wokujika umgquba ozihambelayo, umatshini wokuguqula umgquba wetyathanga
2. Izixhobo zokutyumza:isityuyi sezinto ezimanzi semi-manzi, isityumzi setsheyini, isityumzi esithe nkqo
3. Ukuxuba izixhobo: umxube othe tye, umxube wediski
4. Izixhobo zokuhlola zibandakanyaumatshini wokuhlola ojikelezayokunye nomatshini wokuhlola wokungcangcazela
5. Izixhobo zegranulator: igranulator ephazamisayo, i-disc granulator,i-extrusion granulator, igubu elijikelezayo legranulatorkunye nomatshini oyingqukuva
6. Izixhobo zokomisa: Isomisi segubu esijikelezayo
7. Izixhobo zoomatshini bokupholisa:umatshini wokupholisa ojikelezayo
8. Izixhobo ezincedisayo: i-quantitative feeder, i-dehydrator yomgquba wenkukhu, umatshini wokugquma, umqokeleli wothuli, umatshini wokupakisha ozenzekelayo wobungakanani.
9. Izixhobo zokuhambisa: ibhanti yokuhambisa, i-elevator yebhakethi.
Uyilo lwenkqubo yemveliso yesichumiso ngokubanzi lubandakanya:
1. Itekhnoloji esebenzayo yeengxaki ezinzima kunye nokwanda kweentyatyambo zebhaktheriya.
2.Iteknoloji yokulungiselela izinto eziphambili kunyeinkqubo yebhayoloji yokubila.
3. Obona buchwepheshe bugqwesileyo befomula yesichumiso (eyona ndibaniselwano ilungileyo yefomula yemveliso inokuyilwa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokomhlaba wengingqi kunye neempawu zesityalo).
4. Itekhnoloji yolawulo olufanelekileyo longcoliseko lwesibini (inkunkuma yegesi kunye nevumba).
5. Uyilo lwenkqubo kunye neteknoloji yokuvelisaumgca wokuvelisa isichumiso.
Imiba efuna ingqwalasela kwimveliso yomgquba wenkukhu
Ukulunga kwemathiriyeli ekrwada:
Ukulunga kwezinto ezikrwada kubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa isichumiso esiphilayo.Ngokwamava, ukucolwa kwayo yonke imathiriyeli ekrwada kufuneka ihambelane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 100-60 amanqaku ezinto ekrwada malunga 30-40%, amanqaku 60 ukuya malunga 1.00 mm ububanzi bezinto ekrwada malunga 35%, kwaye malunga 25% -30% ububanzi be-1.00-2.00 mm.Nangona kunjalo, kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ubungakanani obugqithisileyo bezinto ezicolekileyo kakhulu zidla ngokubangela iingxaki ezinje ngamasuntswana amakhulu kakhulu kunye namasuntswana angaqhelekanga ngenxa ye-viscosity entle kakhulu.
Ukuvuthwa komgangatho wokuvutshelwa komgquba wenkukhu
Umgquba wenkukhu kufuneka uboliswe ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba ufakwe.Iintsholongwane kumgquba wenkukhu kunye namaqanda azo, kunye neebhaktheriya ezosulelayo, ziya kwenziwa zingasebenzi ngenkqubo yokubola (i-fermentation).Emva kokubola ngokupheleleyo, umgquba wenkukhu uya kuba sesona sichumiso somgangatho ophezulu.
1. Ukuqola
Ngaxeshanye nezi meko zintathu zilandelayo, ungaqikelela ukuba umgquba wenkukhu uvundisiwe.
1. Ngokusisiseko akukho vumba libi;2. I-white hyphae;3. Umgquba wenkukhu ukwimeko exekethileyo.
Ixesha lokubilisa ngokuqhelekileyo limalunga neenyanga ezi-3 phantsi kweemeko zendalo, eziya kukhawuleziswa kakhulu ukuba i-arhente yokuvundisa yongezwa.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa, iintsuku ezingama-20-30 ziyafuneka, kwaye iintsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-10 zinokugqitywa phantsi kweemeko zokuvelisa.
2. Ukufuma
Isiqulatho samanzi kufuneka sihlengahlengiswe phambi kokuba kubiliswe umgquba wenkukhu.Kwinkqubo yokuvundisa izichumisi eziphilayo, ukufaneleka komxholo wamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu.Ngenxa yokuba i-agent ebolayo igcwele ibhaktheriya ephilayo, ukuba yome kakhulu okanye imanzi kakhulu iya kuchaphazela ukuvundiswa kwe-microorganisms, ngokubanzi kufuneka igcinwe kwi-60 ~ 65%.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-18-2021