Ulawulo lwemeko yeimveliso yezichumiso eziphilayo, ekusebenzeni, yintsebenziswano yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nebhayoloji kwinkqubo yokwenza umgquba.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imeko yokulawula intsebenziswano kunye nokulungelelaniswa.Kwelinye icala, iiroyi zomoya ezahlukeneyo zixutywe kunye, ngenxa yendalo eyahlukeneyo kunye nesantya sokuthotywa esahlukileyo.
Ukulawula ukufuma
Ukufuma yimfuneko ebalulekileyo kwiorganic composting.Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgquba, ukufuma okudityanisiweyo kwento yokuqala eyenziweyo yokwenza umgquba yi-40% ukuya kwi-70%, nto leyo iqinisekisa inkqubela egudileyo yokuvundisa.Eyona nto ifanelekileyo yokufuma yi-60-70%.Isiqulatho sokufuma esiphezulu kakhulu okanye esisezantsi kakhulu sinokuchaphazela umsebenzi we-aerobe ukuze ummiselo wokufuma uqhutywe phambi kokuvundiswa.Xa ubumanzi bezinto eziphathekayo bungaphantsi kwama-60%, ubushushu bunyuka ngokucothayo kwaye iqondo lokubola lingaphantsi.Xa isiqulatho sokufuma sidlula i-70%, ukungena komoya kuyathintelwa kwaye ukuvutshelwa kwe-anaerobic kuya kwenziwa, okungayi kulungelelaniso lwenkqubela phambili yokuvutshelwa.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukonyusa ngokufanelekileyo ukufuma kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kunokukhawulezisa ukuvuthwa komgquba kunye nokuzinza.Ukufuma kufuneka kugcinwe ku-50-60% kwasekuqaleni kakhulu kokuvundisa kwaye ke kufuneka kugcinwe kuma-40% ukuya kuma-50%.Ukufuma kufuneka kulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe 30% emva kokuvundisa.Ukuba ukufuma kuphezulu, kufuneka yome kubushushu obuyi-80℃.
Ulawulo lobushushu.
Kuyisiphumo somsebenzi we-microbial, omisela ukusebenzisana kwezinto.Xa ubushushu bokuqala bomgquba bungama-30 ~ 50℃, iintsholongwane ze-thermophilic zinokuthoba isixa esikhulu se-organic matter kwaye zibolise i-cellulose ngokukhawuleza ngexeshana elifutshane, ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaza ukwanda kobushushu bengqumba.Obona bushushu bobona bungama-55 ~ 60℃.Ubushushu obuphezulu yimeko efunekayo yokubulala iintsholongwane, amaqanda ezinambuzane, imbewu yokhula kunye nezinye izinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi.Kuma 55℃, 65℃ kunye ne 70℃ amaqondo obushushu aphezulu iiyure ezimbalwa anokubulala izinto ezinobungozi.Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha iiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo.
Sikhankanye ukuba ukufuma yinto echaphazela ubushushu bomgquba.Ukufuma okugqithisileyo kuya kuthoba ubushushu bomgquba, kwaye ukulungisa ukufuma kunenzuzo ekunyuseni ubushushu kwinqanaba lamva lokuvubela.Ubushushu bunokuthotywa ngokongeza ukufuma okongezelelekileyo.
Ukuguqula ingqumba yenye indlela yokulawula ubushushu.Ngokujikisa imfumba, ubushushu bemfumba yezinto eziphathekayo bunokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukuphuphuma kwamanzi ngumphunga kunye nesantya sokuhamba komoya kunokukhawuleziswa.Iumatshini wokujika umgqubayindlela esebenzayo yokuqonda ukuvutshelwa kwexesha elifutshane.Ineempawu zokusebenza okulula, ixabiso elifikelelekayo kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo.I cumatshini wokuguqula i-ompostinokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu kunye nexesha lokubilisa.
Ulawulo lomlinganiselo we-C/N.
Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo weC / N unokukhuthaza ukuvutshelwa okugudileyo.Ukuba umlinganiselo we C/N uphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenitrogen kunye nokuthintelwa kokusingqongileyo okukhulayo, izinga lokuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo liyacotha, nto leyo eyenza umjikelo womgquba ube mde.Ukuba umlinganiselo we-C / N uphantsi kakhulu, i-carbon ingasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye i-nitrogen engaphezulu ingalahleka njenge-ammonia.Ayichaphazeli nje indawo esingqongileyo, kodwa inciphisa ukusebenza kwesichumiso senitrogen.Ii-Microorganisms zenza i-microbial protoplasm ngexesha lokuvutshelwa kwezinto eziphilayo.Iprotoplasm iqulethe 50% carbon, 5% nitrogen kunye 0. 25% phosphoric acid.Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo weC / N ngu-20-30%.
Umlinganiselo we-C/N we-compost ephilayo unokuhlengahlengiswa ngokongeza i-C okanye izinto eziphezulu ze-N.Ezinye izinto, ezifana neendiza, ukhula, amasebe kunye namagqabi, ziqukethe i-fiber, i-lignin kunye ne-pectin.Ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni / initrogen ephezulu, ingasetyenziswa njengesongezo sekhabhoni ephezulu.Umgquba wemfuyo kunye neenkukhu uphezulu kwi-nitrogen kwaye unokusetyenziswa njengokongeza i-nitrogen ephezulu.Umzekelo, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia nitrogen kumgquba weehagu kwi-microorganisms yi-80%, enokukhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwee-microorganisms kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuvundisa.
Iumatshini omtsha wokugaya isichumiso esiphilayoifanelekile kwesi sigaba.Izongezo zinokongezwa kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo xa izinto eziluhlaza zingena kumatshini.
Air-hambakunye nokubonelela ngeoksijini.
Ukwenzela iukubiliswa komgquba, kubalulekile ukuba nomoya owaneleyo kunye neoksijini.Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukubonelela ngeoksijini eyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwe-microorganisms.Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nexesha lokuvundisa linokulawulwa ngokuhlengahlengisa ubushushu bengqumba ngokuhamba komoya omtsha.Ukuhamba komoya okongeziweyo kunokususa ukufuma ngelixa kugcinwe iimeko zobushushu obufanelekileyo.Ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo kunye neoksijini kunokunciphisa ilahleko yenitrogen kunye nokuveliswa kwevumba kumgquba.
Ukufuma kwezichumisi ze-organic kunempembelelo kwi-air permeability, umsebenzi we-microbial kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oxygen.Yeyona nto iphambili yei-aerobic composting.Kufuneka silawule umswakama kunye nomoya wokungenisa umoya ngokweempawu zezinto eziphathekayo ukufezekisa ukulungelelaniswa komswakama kunye ne-oxygen.Kwangaxeshanye, bobabini banokukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwe-microorganisms kunye nokwandisa iimeko zokuvutshelwa.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini konyuka kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-60℃, ikhula ngokucothayo ngaphezulu kwe-60℃, kwaye isondele ku-zero ngaphezulu kwe-70℃.Umoya kunye neoksijini kufuneka zilungiswe ngokwamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo.
PH ulawulo.
Ixabiso le-pH lichaphazela yonke inkqubo yokuvutshelwa.Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuvundisa, i-pH iya kuchaphazela umsebenzi webhaktheriya.Umzekelo, ipH=6.0 yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kumgquba wehagu kunye nesarha.Ivimbela i-carbon dioxide kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu kwi-pH <6.0.Kwi-pH>6.0, i-carbon dioxide yayo kunye nobushushu banda ngokukhawuleza.Kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobushushu, indibaniselwano ye-pH ephezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bubangela i-ammonia volatilization.Iintsholongwane zibola zibe ziiasidi eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa umgquba, othi wehlise i-pH ukuya malunga ne-5.0.Iiasidi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo ziyaba ngumphunga njengoko ubushushu bunyuka.Ngelo xesha, ukukhukuliseka kwe-ammonia nge-organic matter kwandisa ixabiso le-pH.Ekugqibeleni, izinza kwinqanaba eliphezulu.Esona santya siphezulu sokwenza umgquba sinokufikelelwa kumaqondo obushushu obuphezulu be-pH ukusuka kwi-7.5 ukuya kwi-8.5.I-pH ephezulu inokubangela ukuba i-ammonia iguquke kakhulu, ngoko ke i-pH inokucuthwa ngokudibanisa i-alum kunye ne-phosphoric acid.
Ngamafutshane, akulula ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo nangokucokisekileyoukubiliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.Kwisithako esinye, oku kulula.Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezahlukeneyo ziyasebenzisana kwaye zithintele.Ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kweemeko zomgquba, kuyafuneka ukusebenzisana nenkqubo nganye.Xa iimeko zokulawula zifanelekile, ukuvutshelwa kunokuqhubeka kakuhle, ngaloo ndlela kubekwe isiseko sokuvelisaisichumiso sendalo esikumgangatho ophezulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-18-2021