Ukuvundiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ekrwada yeyona nto isisiseko kunye nenxalenye yenkqubo yemveliso yesichumiso esiphilayo, ikwachaphazela eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yomgangatho wesichumiso se-organic, ukuvutshelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ekrwada eneneni kukudibana kwenyama kunye nebhayoloji. iimpawu zemathiriyeli ekrwada kwinkqubo yokwenza umgquba.Kwelinye icala, indawo yokuvubela iyasebenzisana kwaye iyakhuthazwa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto eziluhlaza ezahlukeneyo zixutywe kunye, ngenxa yeempawu ezahlukeneyo, izinga lokubola likwahlukile.
Silawula inkqubo yokuvubela ikakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
Umxholo wokufuma.
Isiqulatho samanzi esinxulumeneyo xa kusenziwa umgquba kwinkqubo yokwenza umgquba ngama-40% ukuya kuma-70%, kwaye owona mthamo wamanzi ufanelekileyo yi-60-70% ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkqubela phambili egudileyo yokwenza umgquba.Umswakama ophezulu okanye ophantsi wezinto eziphathekayo uya kuchaphazela umsebenzi we-aerobic microorganisms kwaye kufuneka ulungelelanise umswakama ngaphambi kokuvutshelwa.Xa umxholo wamanzi wezinto eziphathekayo ungaphantsi kwama-60%, ubushushu buhamba kancinci kwaye ukubola okuphantsi kubi.Ukufuma okungaphezulu kwe-70% kuchaphazela ukungena komoya ukwenza i-anaerobic fermentation yokufudumeza isiphumo esicothayo sokubola ayilunganga.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba amanzi kwiimfumba ze-compost angakhuthaza ukubola kunye nokuzinza komgquba ngexesha lelona nqanaba lisebenzayo le-microorganisms.Umthamo wamanzi kufuneka ugcinwe kwi 50-60% ekuqaleni kokuvundisa.Ukusukela ngoko, ukufuma kuhlala kuma-40 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini kwaye ngokomgaqo akukho mathontsi amanzi anokukhutshwa.Emva kokuvundiswa, isiqulatho sokufuma semathiriyeli ekrwada kufuneka silawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-30%, ukuba isiqulatho samanzi siphezulu kufuneka sibe ngama-80° C ukomisa.
Ulawulo lobushushu.
Ubushushu sisiphumo somsebenzi we-microbial.Imisela intsebenziswano phakathi kwemathiriyeli ekrwada.Kwiqondo lobushushu lokuqala eliphakathi kwama-30 ukuya kuma-50 ngokukaCelsius, ii-microorganisms eziphethwe bubushushu℃ zithomalalisa izixa ezikhulu ze-organic matter kwaye zikhawuleza ziqhekeza i-cellulose ngexeshana elifutshane, ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaza ukwanda kobushushu bomgquba.Obona bushushu buphezulu bungama-55 ukuya kuma-60 degreesCelsius.Ubushushu obuphezulu buyimfuneko ukubulala iintsholongwane, amaqanda, imbewu yokhula kunye nezinye izinto eziyityhefu neziyingozi.Bulala izinto eziyingozi iiyure, kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu 55℃, 65℃, degrees C, kunye nama-70 degrees C. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha iiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zobushushu.
Sichazile ngaphambili ukuba isiqulatho sokufuma ngumba ochaphazela ubushushu bomgquba.Amanzi amaninzi ayakunciphisa ubushushu bomgquba, ukulungelelanisa ukufuma kunceda ukufudumeza kade komgquba.Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ubushushu ngokunyusa ukufuma ukuphepha amaqondo aphezulu ngexesha lokuvundisa.
Ukuguqula imfumba yenye indlela yokulawula ubushushu.Ngokuphethula imfumba inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo iqondo lobushushu lereactor ukunyusa umphunga wamanzi ukuze umoya omtsha ungene kwimfumba.I-dumper yokuhamba yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ubushushu bomzimba wemfumba.Ineempawu zokusebenza okulula kunye nexabiso elihle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.Ubushushu bokubila kunye nexesha lobushushu obuphezulu linokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokulahla rhoqo.
Umlinganiselo weCarbon-nitrogen.
Icarbon nitrogen efanelekileyo ingakhuthaza ukuvubela okugudileyo komgquba.Ukuba i-carbon-nitrogen ratio iphezulu kakhulu, izinga lokuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo liyacotha ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenitrogen kunye nokunciphisa indawo yokukhula, okukhokelela kwixesha elide lokuvundisa isichumisi.Ukuba i-carbon-nitrogen ratio iphantsi kakhulu-ikhabhoni ingasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, i-nitrogen egqithisileyo ngendlela yelahleko ye-ammonia.Ayichaphazeli nje indawo esingqongileyo, kodwa inciphisa ukusebenza kwe-nitrogen fertilizer.Ii-Microorganisms zenza inzala ye-microbial ngexesha lokuvundiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.Inzala iqulethe 50% carbon, 5% nitrogen kunye 0. 25% phosphoric acid.Abaphandi bacebisa umgquba ofanelekileyo we-C/N nge-20-30%.
I-carbon-nitrogen ratio ye-organic compost ingalawulwa ngokufaka i-carbon ephezulu okanye i-nitrogen.Ezinye izinto, ezifana neendiza, ukhula, amasebe afileyo kunye namagqabi, ziqulethe i-fiber, i-ligand kunye ne-pectin.Ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni / initrogen ephezulu, ingasetyenziswa njengesongezo sekhabhoni ephezulu.Isiqulatho esiphezulu senitrogen somgquba wezilwanyana kunye neenkukhu sinokusetyenziswa njengesongezo senitrogen ephezulu.Umzekelo, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia nitrogen kumgquba weehagu yi-80% yeentsholongwane, ezinokuthi zikwazi ukukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwee-microorganisms kunye nokukhawulezisa ukubola komgquba.
Ukungenisa umoya kunye nokubonelela nge-oxygen.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nomoya kunye neoksijini eyaneleyo yokuvubela umgquba.Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukubonelela ngeoksijini efunekayo ekukhuleni kwe-microorganisms.Elona qondo lobushushu liphezulu kunye nexesha lokwenzeka komgquba kulawulwa ngokulawula umoya wokungenisa umoya ukuze kulawuleke ubushushu bomgquba.Ukonyusa umoya wokuphefumla ngelixa ugcina iimeko zobushushu obuphezulu kususa ukufuma.Ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo kunye neoksijini kunokunciphisa ilahleko yenitrogen kunye nokuveliswa kwevumba kumgquba.
Ubumanzi be-organic fertilizer bunefuthe ekuphefumleni, umsebenzi we-microbial kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oxygen.Yinto ethatha isigqibo ekuhlanganiseni umgquba.Kudinga ukulawula umswakama kunye nomoya wokungenisa umoya ngokweempawu zezinto eziphathekayo, ukufezekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwamanzi kunye ne-oxygen.Ngaxeshanye, zombini, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-microbial kunye nokuzala ukwandisa iimeko zokuvundisa.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni kwanda ngokukhawuleza ngaphantsi kwe-60 degrees C, ngokucothayo kwi-60 degrees C okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye isondele kwi-0 ngaphezu kwe-70 degrees C. Ubungakanani be-ventilation kunye ne-oxygen kufuneka ilungiswe ngokuhambelana namaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo.
Ulawulo lwe-pH.
I-pH ichaphazela yonke inkqubo yokuvutshelwa.Kumanqanaba okuqala okwenziwa komgquba, i-pH ichaphazela ukusebenza kwebhaktiriya.Umzekelo, ipH?6.0 yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kumgquba wehagu kunye nesarha.Ithintela ukuveliswa kwekharbon diokside kunye nobushushu kwi-pH slt;6.0.Kwimilinganiselo ye-PH ye-6.0, i-CO2 yayo kunye nokushisa kwanda ngokukhawuleza.Xa ungena kwisigaba sokushisa okuphezulu, isenzo esidibeneyo se-pH ephezulu kunye nokushisa okuphezulu kubangela i-ammonia volaten.Iintsholongwane ziqhekeza iasidi eziphilayo ngomgquba, zehlisa i-pH ukuya malunga ne-5. Iiasidi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo zinokuguquka zibe ngumphunga njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka.Ngelo xesha, ukukhukuliseka kwe-ammonia nge-organic matter kwandisa i-pH.Ekugqibeleni izinza kwinqanaba eliphezulu.Kubushushu obuphezulu be-compost, ipH ukusuka ku-7.5 ukuya kwi-8.5 inokufikelela elona qondo liphezulu lokuvundisa.I-pH ephezulu kakhulu inokubangela ukuguquka kwe-ammonia kakhulu, ngoko unokunciphisa i-pH ngokudibanisa i-alum kunye ne-phosphoric acid.
Ngamafutshane, ukulawula ukuvutshelwa okusebenzayo kunye nokucokisekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo ekrwada akukho lula.Oku kulula kakhulu kwimathiriyeli enye ekrwada.Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziluhlaza ezahlukeneyo ziyasebenzisana kwaye zithintele enye kwenye.Ukufezekisa ukulungelwa ngokupheleleyo kweemeko zomgquba, intsebenziswano yenkqubo nganye iyafuneka.Xa iimeko zokulawula zifanelekile, ukuvutshelwa kwenziwa ngokucokisekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kubeka isiseko sokuveliswa kwezichumisi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-22-2020